elections, perhaps as a result of politically motivated employment schemes. (2) Inflation tends to be lower in pre-election …This paper studies whether in Pakistan the dynamic behaviour of unemployment, inflation, budget deficit and real GDP … growth is systematically affected by the timing of elections. We cover the period from 1973-2009. Our results can be …

an expansionary bias, and a “genuine” discretionary boost took place in correspondence to political elections. Both sign … run politically-motivated fiscal policies when elections approach ... Politique budgétaire discrétionnaire et élections … a eu véritablement expansion budgétaire parallèlement aux élections politiques. Ces changements discrétionnaires sont …

the data set and the empirical methods used to test for the presence of election-influenced spending, and presents the …

: maximisation of re-election chances. Though taking an opportunistic view too, we suggest a new explanation for a fiscal policy … (namely, on the part of voters) or the common objective functions (re- election chances). Being well grounded in basic …

', that is, expansionary monetary policy in election years. Third, we observe indications of `political budget cycles', or … `loose' fiscal policy prior to elections. Fourth, inflation exhibits a post-electoral jump, which could be explained by …

of debt has a negative impact on the probability of reelection, pre-election debt accumulation by incumbents increases … the short run effect. Elections thus appear as a disciplining device, even if a weak one. …