The architecture of supervision - how we define the allocation of supervisory powers to different policy institutions - can have implications for policy conduct and for the economic and financial environment in which these policies are implemented. Theoretically, an integrated structure for...

We propose a novel technique to measure three aspects of banks' sectoral concentration that feature prominently in episodes of intensi fied (systemic) bank risk: specialization (capturing overexposures), differentiation (capturing indirect connectedness), and fi nancial sector exposure...

Using matched bank-firm-level data and the 2014 depreciation of the euro, we show that exchange rate depreciations can lead to higher loan supply. Large banks with high net dollar exposure do not increase their lending to non-financial firms, but—through interbank markets—to small banks...

Until about twenty years ago, the consensus view on the cause of financial-system distress was fairly simple: a run on one bank could easily turn to a panic involving runs on all banks, destroying some and disrupting the financial system. Since then, however, a series of events—such as...

Analysis of a panel data set for 1976-1998 shows that on balance stock markets and banks positively influence economic growth - findings that do not result from biases induced by simultaneity, omitted variables, or unobserved country-specific effects.Beck and Levine investigate the impact of...