management practices and skills in hospitals across nine countries. We find that hospitals that are closer to universities …

government. Because closing hospitals in areas where the governing party is expecting a tight election race ("marginals") is rare … hospitals in a geographical area. We find that higher competition is positively correlated with management quality, measured … in the hospital's own catchment area, thus identifying purely off the marginality of rival hospitals. This controls for …

geographic proximity is a key determinant of competition, and English public hospitals where political competition can be used to … construct instrumental variables for market structure. Since almost all major English hospitals are government run, closing … hospitals in areas where the governing party has a small majority is rare due to fear of electoral punishment. We find that …

geographic proximity is a key determinant of competition, and English public hospitals where political competition can be used to … construct instrumental variables for market structure. Since almost all major English hospitals are government run, closing … hospitals in areas where the governing party has a small majority is rare due to fear of electoral punishment. We find that …