Carbon markets, like other commodity markets, are volatile. They react to stochastic “disequilibrium” spot prices, which may be affected by inadequate policies, speculations and bubbles. The market-based emission trading, therefore, does not necessarily minimize abatement costs and achieve...

This paper describes a spatial-dynamic,stochastic optimization model that takes account ofthe complexities and dependencies of catastrophicrisks. Following a description of the general model,the paper briefly discusses a case study of earthquakerisk in the Irkutsk region of Russia. For this...

Traditional discounting dramatically affects the outcome of catastrophic risk management and spatio-temporal vulnerability modeling. The misperception of discount rates produces inadequate evaluations of risk management strategies, which may provoke catastrophes and significantly contribute to...