manufacturing, civil war, poor institutions, and the Dutch Disease. Skeptics have questioned the Natural Resource Curse, pointing to …. The paper concludes with a consideration of institutions and policies that some commodity-producers have tried, in efforts … commodity funds, and lump-sum distribution"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site …

The paper suggests that international differences in educational institutions explain the large international … institutions, scrutiny of achievement, and teacher influence on teaching methods. A large influence of teacher unions on curriculum … are not caused by differences in schooling resources but are mainly due to differences in educational institutions. …