, and verification costs. In this article, we argue that this has transformed the study of marketing, leading research in … marketing to be at the forefront of research in economics as to the effects of digital technology. This is because the reduction … in costs associated with digitization has had a transformative effect on digital marketing activity before many other …

We show that gravity holds in the case of digital goods that are consumed over the Internet and have no trading costs …, even after controlling for country-level Internet expertise, language, income, immigrant stock, and many other factors …