The European Union challenges the European national state and its idea of the unity of nation and state. It is a transnational union of nation states in which, like in any un-ion, the member states must give up parts of their sovereignty. Regardless of the fact whether the EU is already a...

Two concepts of virtual reality are competing in the cyber world, virtual reality as total adaptability and virtual reality as the simulation of possible worlds. Virtuality as adaptability in industrial production leads to a closer consideration of individual con-sumer demand and to de-massified...

Intergenerational justice arises from the fact that generations stand towards each other in a relationship of obligation. Children owe their existence to their parents, and therefore the continuation of their own existence in children of the next generation. Self interest demands the constant...

The idea of public interest has been criticized by economic theory as being naïve in its believe that politicians could anticipate something like the public interest. Public Choice theory has shown that politicians are as self-interested as other acting persons. The paper examines this...

The Social Market Economy has been seen as a third path between capitalism and socialism shaped by the principle of solidarity. The rhetoric of the third way can be mere mediation as indecisiveness or the consequence of a third conception of the economic order. Solidarism and personalism as the...

The origin of evil is one of the great puzzles of philosophy and theology. Evil is no objective of the world order since there can be no objective to fail to meet an objective. To assume that evil is part of the world order would, however, imply to assume that there is an objective to fail an...

Happiness in philosophical ethics and utility or satisfaction in economics have much in common. The paper investigates the ethical economy of happiness as a joint topic of ethical and economic theory. It shows that limits of the calculus of utility maximization also apply to concepts of the...

Das Leitbild der Wirtschafts-und Sozialordnung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, die Soziale Markwirtschaft, wird durch die Idee des sozialen Ausgleichs von Einkommensunterschieden durch die progressive Besteuerung, durch die umlagefinanzierte Altersvorsorge, durch die Mitbestimmung der...

Economic ethics describes the interaction of ethics and economics in explaining human action and in giving normative advice to ethically justifiable and efficient choices of action. As ethical economy, it analyses the ethical conditions of coordination in markets and the economic conditions of...

Konsumieren und Produzieren sind Formen, in denen sich das Selbst mit seiner Umwelt auseinandersetzt. Konsumieren ist bereits für den nicht-menschlichen Organismus notwendig. Jeder Organismus konsumiert aus seiner Umwelt, seinem äußeren Milieu, um sein inneres Milieu aufrechtzuerhalten. Nur...