lead firms to hire minority or female employees who are less qualified than workers who might otherwise be hired. Our … weaker job performance among most groups of minority and female Affirmative Action hires …

lead firms to hire minority or female employees who are less qualified than workers who might otherwise be hired. Our … weaker job performance among most groups of minority and female Affirmative Action hires …

Audit studies testing for discrimination have been criticized because applicants from different groups may not appear … unobservable determinants of productivity can still generate spurious evidence of discrimination in either direction. This paper … shows how to recover an unbiased estimate of discrimination when the correspondence study includes variation in applicant …

, increases the number of minority or female applicants as well as employees, and increases employers' tendencies to provide … credentials or performance of women and minorities hired. When it is also used in hiring, it yields female and minority employees …

, increases the number of minority or female applicants as well as employees, and increases employers' tendencies to provide … credentials or performance of women and minorities hired. When it is also used in hiring, it yields female and minority employees …