Using a unique dataset of the Euro area and the U.S. bank lending standards, we find that low (monetary policy) short … securitization activity, weak supervision for bank capital and too low for too long monetary policy rates. Conversely, low long …

the security level for each bank in each period, we find that during the crisis, banks with higher trading expertise …

, and modified in 2005 and 2008. The resultant bank-specific shocks to capital buffers, combined with the financial crisis … from comprehensive bank-, firm-, loan-, and loan application-level data suggest that countercyclical capital buffers help …

level. All of the effects are more pronounced for trading banks with higher capital levels. Finally, banks use central bank …

the security level for each bank in each period, we find that during the crisis, banks with higher trading expertise …

-regulated, more fragile nonbanks. The bank-to-nonbank shift largely neutralizes total credit and associated consumption effects for …

, matched with firm and bank balance-sheet data, and by exploiting foreign monetary policy shocks, given the large presence of …

We show that loan origination time is key for bank lending standards, cycles, defaults and failures. We exploit the … loan origination time, especially to riskier firms. Bank incentives (capital and competition), capacity constraints, and … than other lending conditions — is associated with more bank-level failures in crises, consistent with lower screening …

matched with firm and bank data, and by exploiting foreign monetary policy shocks in a country with a large presence of …