Basic theory suggests that multinational enterprises (MNEs) succeed when they develop knowledge-based capabilities, often called firm-specific advantages (FSAs). In China's case its large MNEs have few such knowledge based FSAs. Instead, they are building scale economies based on China's...

We extend applications of real options theory to foreign direct investment (FDI) research regarding choice of location and choice of market entry mode under uncertainty. Our study is motivated by the regional configuration of multinational enterprises (MNEs), as well as observed deviations from...