This study examines the integration properties of total renewable energy production, as well as production of biofuels and biomass in the United States. To do so we employ Lagrange Multiplier (LM) univariate unit root tests with up to two structural breaks. We conclude that each production...

This study reviews the empirical literature on the integration properties of energy consumption and production. The survey begins with a discussion of the implications of whether energy variables contain a unit root and proceeds to examine how results differ according to the specific unit root...