We detail the methodology that we have been using to quantify managerial and organizational practices across firms and … countries in recent years. This has been used in many pieces of research at the Centre for Economic Performance. We discuss the … pros and cons of such survey tools, describing how our methods lie between the traditional surveys used by economists and …

of two terms: the effective number of researchers and their research productivity. We present a wide range of evidence … from various industries, products, and firms showing that research effort is rising substantially while research … increases in research effort that offset its declining productivity …