In response to criticism on brand personality measures that embrace other aspects besides brand personality, we developed a new brand personality measure consisting of personality items only. 12,789 Belgian respondents participated in a study on 193 brands. The new scale consists of five factors...

Based on two data sets, we compare levels of response styles across three modes of data-collection: paper and pencil questionnaires, online questionnaires, and telephone interviews. Using Means And Covariance Structures (MACS), we find that data collected by different modes show differences in...

The age-related labels ‘third age’, ‘elderly’, ‘50+,’ ‘senior’ and ‘retired’ were evaluated by a 40+ sample. Results of a qualitative and quantitative study showed that the labels ‘third age’ and ‘elderly’ evoked predominantly negative associations, while the...

Online surveys in the US and Belgium were conducted to cross-culturally validate the Internet shopper lifestyle scale (Smith and Swinyard, 2001). Special attention was devoted to sample, construct and measurement equivalence. In both countries, the same six basic dimensions were found to...

The current study addresses the stability of individual response styles. In contrast with previous studies, we set up a dedicated data collection, where the same respondents filled out two questionnaires consisting of independent sets of randomly sampled questionnaire items. Between data...

On the basis of cognitive interviews and drawing on the belief-sampling model, we introduce the proximity effect model. The model explains the correlation between two items as a function of their conceptual relationship (nonreversed same-construct items, reversed same-construct items, unrelated...

To examine the impact of offline URL advertising, a quantitative study among internet users and non-users is carried out. For internet users, the results reveal a significant impact on each level of the hierarchy of effects. Respondents remembering an offline URL ad are more aware and have a...