A basic element in advertising strategy is the choice of an appeal. In business-to-business (B2B) marketing communication, a long-standing approach relies on literal and factual, benefit-laden messages. Given the highly complex, costly and involved processes of business purchases, such...

Whether the community is looking for “scapegoats” to blame, or seeking more radical and deeper causes, health care managers are in the firing line whenever there are woes in the health care sector. The public has a right to question whether ethics have much influence on the everyday decision...

This study examined equity in the context of the allocation of park and recreation resources within a community. The contributions made by this study include: extending the original taxonomy of equity models proposed by Crompton and Wicks (1988); development of a theoretical framework for their...

This study outlines the development and validation of a measure of reciprocity. The definition used to develop the measure extends traditional quid pro quo interpretations to include behavior designed to stabilize relationships in times of exchange breakdown. This includes resisting and not...

Operating in a progressively more competitive and turbulent environment, nonprofit organizations are beginning to recognize the need to become more "businesslike" and of the value of marketing in achieving a competitive advantage. Whilst marketing alone is not purported to be a "quick-fix"...

The notion of savvy consumers increasingly appears in the e-marketing and e-management literatures, usually in discussions about the importance of consumer-centricity. A synthesis of the literature identifies six broad characteristics of these savvy consumers: they are enabled by competencies in...

Internal marketing has been discussed in the management and academic literature for over three decades, yet it remains ill defined and poorly operationalized. This paper responds to calls for research to develop a single clear understanding of the construct, for the development of a suitable...

Objective : The purpose of this study was to validate measures of individual and organisational infrastructure for health promotion within Alberta's (Canada) 17 Regional Health Authorities (RHAs). Design : A series of phases were conducted to develop individual and organisational scales to...

This paper describes the process of designing and validating a scale to measure negative perception of a store environment (NSE) using Churchill’s approach (1979). The importance and relevance of this concept are first examined. Then, we present our methodology in terms of the individual and...

This paper describes the process of designing and validating a scale to measure negative perception of a store environment (NSE) using Churchill’s approach (1979). The importance and relevance of this concept are first examined. Then, we present our methodology in terms of the individual and...