We evaluate the performance of various methods for estimating factor returns in an approximate factor model. Differences across estimators are most pronounced when there is cross-sectional heteroskedasticity, or when cross-sectional sample sizes, n, are below 4,000 assets. Estimators...

Recent work in the macroeconometric literature considers the problem of summarising efficiently a large set of variables and using this summary for a variety of purposes including forecasting. This paper applies a new factor extraction method to the extraction of core inflation and forecasting...

A low frequency factor model regression uses returns computed at a lower frequency than data available. An example is using monthly rather than daily returns to estimate the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). I show that when using overlapping observations to estimate low frequency factor model...