Mass vaccination programs should employ effective strategies to design a resilient vaccine supply chain for immunizing populations quickly and efficiently. The need for more flexible and responsive vaccine supply chain design is highlighted during the pandemic, where authorities are required to...

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a combinatorial optimization problem that determines optimal routes to enhance distribution efficiency. One of the most popular strategies in freight distribution is multi-echelon distribution. Multi-echelon distribution networks often apply to supply chain...