determined by the initial gap. We obtain these results with 2SLS estimates where slavery is used as an instrument for the initial … gap. The excludability of slavery is preliminarily established by instrumenting it with the share of disembarked slaves … initial racial gap in education and that slavery affects growth indirectly through this channel. …

richest exhibit a strikingly similar pattern, falling in the three decades after World War II, before rising sharply from the …

A multi-stage model on the course of war is presented: Individual battles are modeled as private value all-pay auctions … with asymmetric combatants of two opposing teams. These auctions are placed within a multi-stage framework with a tug-of-war … models of militarized conflicts, yields new theoretical justification for existing empirical findings with respect to war, and …

variables. This study draws on conflict variables from the Correlates of War (COW) project to ask a critical question: How do … different types of conflict affect country growth rates? It finds that wars slow the economy. Estimates indicate that civil war …

focused on the other direction. We use cross-country panel data for the time period 1960-2005 to estimate war-related changes … in income inequality. Our results indicate rising levels of inequality during war and especially in the early period of … post-war reconstruction. However, we find that this rise in income inequality is not permanent. While inequality peaks …