The mission of the Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers is to uphold and strengthen the rights of people living in the European Union, whether they are acting as consumers, entrepreneurs or workers and the rights of EU citizens in the European Union and abroad. Our policies and our...

This paper examine differences between risk-neutral and objective probability densities of future interest rates. The identification and quantification of these differences are important when risk-neutral densities (RNDs), such as option-implied RNDs, are used as indicators of actual beliefs of...