particularism that emphasises differences, middle way approaches that consider contexts, apply commensurability and apply theory …

This paper investigates the role played by the cultural norms of particularism and universalism for collusive bribery … producing a psychological cost. By lowering this psychological cost, particularism increases the probability of offering or … Social Survey. Consistent with the theory, particularism is found to have a positive causal effect on the probability of …

empirical evidence that supports the claim. It first defines a number of proxies for the degree of particularism embedded into …, the paper relates that the various proxies for particularism share the same set of covariates (such as low education and …