Sufficient-component causes are discussed within the deterministic potential outcomes framework so as to formalize notions of sufficient causes, synergism and sufficient cause interactions. Doing so allows for the derivation of counterfactual and empirical conditions for detecting the presence...

The concepts of principal strata direct and indirect effects are compared with and contrasted to definitions of direct and indirect effects which make reference to interventions on intermediate variables. Certain simple relations hold for direct effects but not indirect effects.

The effect of periods of nontrading on volatility is examined. The empirical evidence suggests that volatility is higher on days which follow a period of nontrading. A nonparametric kernel regression is used to estimate a diffusion model with a volatility term dependent on the number of days of...

Definitions are given for weak and strong sufficient cause interactions in settings in which the outcome is binary and in which there are two exposures of interest that are categorical or ordinal. Weak sufficient cause interactions concern cases in which a mechanism will operate under certain...

In the presence of interference, the exposure of one individual may affect the outcomes of others. We provide new effect partitioning results under interferences that express the overall effect as a sum of (i) the indirect (or spillover) effect and (ii) a contrast between two direct effects.

Formal rules governing signed edges on causal directed acyclic graphs are described and it is shown how these rules can be useful in reasoning about causality. Specifically, the notions of a monotonic effect, a weak monotonic effect and a signed edge are introduced. Results are developed...

Suppose we are interested in the effect of a binary treatment on an outcome where that relationship is confounded by an ordinal confounder. We assume that the true confounder is not observed but, rather, we observe a nondifferentially mismeasured version of it. We show that, under certain...