This paper seeks to explore the way in which a multi-item scale for measuring brand equity can be developed. Nowadays brand equity has become a very complex and significant construct and it is the subject of much research. The article presents a brief introduction into the concept of brand...

Mathematical formulation of an optimization problem often depends on data which can be measured in more than one acceptable way. If the conclusion of optimality depends on the choice of measure, then we should question whether it is meaningful to ask for an optimal solution. If a meaningful...

We propose two simple methods that transform a force curve obtained by a surface force apparatus (SFA) into a density distribution of a liquid near a surface of the SFA probe. The transform methods are derived based on the statistical mechanics of simple liquids, where the liquid is an ensemble...

|When international relations theorists use the concept of risk aversion, they usually cite the economics conception involving concave utility functions. However, concavity is meaningful only when the goal is measurable on an interval scale. International decisions are usually not of this type,...

Mathematical formulation of an optimization problem often depends on data which can be measured in more than one acceptable way. If the conclusion of optimality depends on the choice of measure, then we should question whether it is meaningful to ask for an optimal solution. If a meaningful...

By taking sets of utility functions as a primitive description of agents, we define an ordering over assumptions on utility functions that gauges their implicit measurement requirements. Cardinal and ordinal assumptions constitute two types of measurement requirements, but several standard...

This article reconsiders the Harsanyi--Sen debate concerning whether Harsanyi is justified in interpreting his Aggregation and Impartial Observer Theorems as providing axiomatizations of utilitarianism. Sen's criticism and its formalization by Weymark are based on the claim that von...