and second nation-wide elections of shoura or councils which were the first steps toward self-government. The author is … "balanced" between cities and rural areas and if the employment needs of the burgeoning younger generation are not met …

capital and current expenditure manipulation prior to elections. The results indicate significant increase in capital … expenditures and significant decrease in current expenditures prior to elections. At the same time the manipulation with capital … expenditures does not increase the probability of re-election for the incumbents in the Czech municipalities. …

of debt has a negative impact on the probability of reelection, pre-election debt accumulation by incumbents increases … the short run effect. Elections thus appear as a disciplining device, even if a weak one. …

This paper uses monthly World Bank project-level data to assess the impact of upcoming elections in recipient countries … accelerates prior to elections if the country is geopolitically aligned with the U.S. but decelerates if the country is not. These …

analysing and explaining the use of fiscal and monetary instruments to stimulate economic growth before elections, with the … elections, but no significant changes in GDP and inflation as theory predicts. One possible explanation of this result could be … economic agents’ expectations, which is the subject of this paper. We analyse consumers’ expectations before elections, the …

of debt has a negative impact on the probability of reelection, pre-election debt accumulation by incumbents increases … effect. Elections thus appear as a disciplining device, even if a weak one. …

: maximisation of re-election chances. Though taking an opportunistic view too, we suggest a new explanation for a fiscal policy … (namely, on the part of voters) or the common objective functions (re- election chances). Being well grounded in basic …