We study the effects of multi-layered governance on firm risk by focusing on the interaction of two types of career concerns. Two Delaware court decisions, the validation of poison pill defenses (the Unitrin decision) implemented by staggered boards (the Wallace decision), reduced...

An agent can exert effort to improve the quality of a signal that also depends on his ability. The signal will help him to choose an action, which, in turn will lead to some observable good or bad outcome. Transparency on actions can distort the agent's choices towards quot;smartquot; actions...