-interest rate environment, which fundamentally changed the business environment for the Japanese commercial banks. On the income … side, with interest margins becoming increasingly depressed, net interest revenues declined, which forced the banks to … expand revenues from fees and commissions. The banks had to cut costs by reducing the number of employees, closing branches …

stochastic policy mix lead to suboptimal allocations if banks do not internalize insolvency costs. The policy of forbearance may … make banks internalizing such costs and improves the efficiency of intermediation. …