contrast to previous results at the secondary education level. Contrary to the gender composition at lower levels of education … in Sweden, the teachers and graders at the university level are predominantly male. Thus, an in-group bias mechanism …In this paper, we first present novel evidence of grading bias against women at the university level. This is in …

of same-sex bias in exam correction. We find evidence of same-sex bias before anonymous exams were introduced. Notably … graders favor male students, although male graders favor male students to a larger extent than female graders. Again, after …

to discrimination in grading against minority students. Instead, performance gaps between minority and majority students … evaluation bias towards ethnic minority students. …We analyze whether teachers discriminate against ethnic minority students in terms of grading. Using comprehensive data …

teaching. Even if causal estimates of gender effects are unbiased, the inference that SETs contribute to gender discrimination … gender of both teacher and student, such studies may still be biased if there is non-random allocation of teachers to … data from an Italian university to quantify the effect of controls on gender effects and conclude that there is …