Media criticism and media education have a lot in common. For example, both media education and media criticism attach … great importance to the development of analytical thinking of the audience. Indeed, one of the most important tasks of media … education is precisely to teach the audience not only to analyze media texts of any types, but also to understand the mechanisms …

11, 2001. Using data from 9 predominantly Muslim countries, we study how such beliefs depend on exposure to news media … providing the information. Consistent with the latter, we find that overall intensity of media use and level of education have … to those with little media exposure or schooling, individuals watching Arab news channels or educated in schools with …