This paper examines the impact of urban violence on the standardized test scores of public school students in Medellin … year fixed effects, allowing me to control for the endogeneity of violence. I find that each additional homicide per year … local violence is shown to induce higher levels of teacher turnover, although this may actually improve the average …

Forty years of low-intensity internal armed conflict has made Colombia home to the world's second largest population of … attainment ; school enrollment ; Colombia ; internal displacement ; conflict …

on school violence and drug use beyond the academic achievement arena in order to address whether or not and how ethnic … diversity determines the degree of school violence and drug use. The data were taken from over 1,000 K-12 schools in southern … related to violence and drug use, which in turn increases the frequency of student expulsion. However, changes in school …