We model a single-supplier, 73-store supply chain as a dynamic discrete choice problem. We estimate the model with transaction-level data, spanning 3,251 products and 1,370 days. We find two interrelated phenomena: the bullwhip effect and ration gaming. To establish the bullwhip effect, we show...

Empirical estimation of the bullwhip effect has several challenges as discussed in prior literature (e.g., Cachon et al. 2007; Bray and Mendleson 2012; Chen and Lee 2012), although the bullwhip effect has been well studied in the modeling papers. We address these empirical challenges using a large-scale...