Research SummaryA long-standing void in international business literature is understanding whether and how the internalization choices of competing multinational enterprises (MNEs) affect each other. This paper presents a game-theoretic, location-allocation mathematical model that predicts the...

In this study we argue that when undertaking location decisions multinational enterprises (MNEs) ought to incorporate their competitors' reactions to such decisions as well as consumer preferences for location, in addition to the more standard cost-benefit analyses. We view MNEs as networks of...

We study the level of market competition as a determinant for the propensity of cooperation between startups entering new markets and incumbents operating in these markets. We provide ample empirical evidence suggesting that startups and incumbents are more likely to cooperate in the...