We study potential alliance formation among three competing firms with asymmetric capacity: One large firm has ample capacity, and two small firms have limited capacity. Each firm can either operate independently or form an alliance with another firm. Due to antitrust laws, an alliance of all...

With the emergence of technologies such as electronic shelf labels, some grocery retailers had begun to trial intra-day time-based pricing where they charge higher prices during congested peak hours. Such industry trend along with the influence of pandemic has motivated us to examine whether,...