Boards of directors are at the apex of organisational decision-making and so are central in ensuring effective corporate governance. But boards are under increasing scrutiny due to the continuing prevalence of scandals and failures. Boards have been viewed as set up to fail because the demands...

Abstract In both Britain and the USA, the majority of the shares in quoted companiesare owned by institutional shareholders such as pension funds and insurancecompanies. But, in most cases these major shareholders are ''passive'', that isthey prefer not to become involved in the management of...