Policy-makers and managers often turn to experts when in need of information: because they are more informed than … should expect experts to be systematically biased, potentially to the point that they are less reliable sources of … information than non-experts. This is because the decision to research a question implies a belief that research will be fruitful …

serious competition. In contrast to Zagat, Michelin relies on experts. Employing a difference-in-differences approach we …