Purpose Using munificence, real options and ambidexterity theories, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the differential between home and host market environmental conditions affects US international franchising expansion. Design/methodology/approach The authors used firm-level panel...

Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate how franchising firms can manage system expansion by weathering the economic effects of a location (i.e. country-level economic cycles) by shifting their resources. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a comprehensive database of 151 US hybrid...