Since 1997, Astana, the Capital of Kazakhstan, in the north-central part of the country, is fast growing and becoming a popular centre in Central Asia. Through a literature review and a series of interviews, the authors suggest ways and various strategies in branding the capital city. The model...

The quality of business leaders, managers, visionary entrepreneurs and the work force can greatly contribute to economic growth and the development of transition economies. In this paper, the writers highlight the importance and benefits of training, the right or proper training and overall...

In this paper, using the Singapore city-state and other world city examples, the authors examine the development of the Almaty retail trade. The full range of typical types of shopping areas can be seen in the city-state and other examples, from what were originally traditional markets and...