differences in achievement into gender differences in endowments and returns to IQ and non-cognitive factors. This descriptive … to social and instrumental skills and need for achievement can explain part of the differences in performance. Boys seem …

math achievement. We find little evidence that PFP improved attendance or achievement in schools without books even though … and books are complements in education production and document several results that are consistent with this hypothesis. …

significant and substantial gains in both math and language achievement scores, an approximately one-quarter standard deviation … increase in learning outcomes for the now young men. Hence in Nicaragua, schooling and achievement gains coincided, implying …

This study was prepared by Annika B. Bergbauer while she was working at the Ifo Center for the Economics of Education … paper relates education measures to economic development. The following three papers contribute to the understanding of … the achievement impact of alternative uses of student assessments. In result, the expansion of standardized external …