In Germany and many other countries, students are tracked into various secondary school types. This paper studies …. The reform replaced parents choice about their children s secondary school type by a binding teacher recommendation. Our …

Without a school degree, students can have difficulty in the labor market. To improve the lives of upper …-secondary school dropouts, German states instituted a school reform that awarded an interim degree to high-track students upon … completion of Grade 9. Using retrospective spell data on school and labor market careers from the National Educational Panel …

We exploit a universe dataset of state school students in England with linked test score records to document the … evolution of attainment through school for different ethnic groups. The analysis yields a number of striking findings. First, we … found. We address some of the usual factors invoked to explain attainment gaps: poverty, language, school quality, and …

driven by declines in high school peer quality and educational investments that result in lower non-cognitive skill …