The objective of the present research is to assess how and to what extent government-to-person (G2P) digital welfare, and business-to-person (B2P) electronic payroll practices, affect formal financial inclusion outcomes in the global open economy. To this end, the paper relies on the...

The business-to-consumer (B2C) online commerce landscape is changing rapidly, supported by the technological innovation. However, its diffusion remains concentrated in developed and large economies and is creating a digital divide that excludes small and medium-sized enterprises and people with...

Since the 2008 global financial crisis, including the recent COVID 19 pandemic, low interest rates and low economic growth have continued around the world. In spite of this low interest rate trend, as the economic downturn prolongs, there is a situation of concern called the “new normal” of...