We analyze how firms in underdeveloped countries overcome human capital voids – a prevalence of very low levels of skills among individuals – to improve performance. Building on the knowledge-based view, we argue that managers can strategically select organizational upgrading mechanisms to...

We use the rise of emerging-market multinationals as a vehicle to explore how a firm’s country of origin influences its internationalization. We argue that the home-country’s institutional and economic underdevelopment can influence the internationalization of firms in two ways. First,...