the delivery of services to the poor, i.e., improving efficiency, accountability, and transparency, and reducing bribery …

: institutional properties of empowerment models, citizen participation, and responses of service providers and public officials …, articulate their needs, and demand better service quality and accountability. Yet, these models are based on distinct … allow opportunities for citizen participation, enforce the rule of law, and ensure inclusive access to services. …

, particularly tax-smoothing practices. Focusing on democratic representation and control of corruption, our dynamic political …

absenteeism, accountability, and student learning. This paper explores this idea using data from 16,000 teachers across eight … developing countries, spanning five regions. It finds that, on average, teachers support test-based accountability and believe …-performing and well-resourced students. Finally, the paper shows that ideas of accountability and absenteeism are strongly framed by …