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How important are bureaucrats for the productivity of the state? And to what extent do the tradeoffs between different policies depend on the implementing bureaucrats' effectiveness? Using data on 16million public procurement purchases in Russia during 2011–2016, we show that over 40 percent...
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How much of the variation in state effectiveness is due to the individuals and organizations responsible for implementing policy? We investigate this question and its implications for policy design in the context of public procurement, using a text-based product classification method to measure...
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The public sector hires disproportionately more educated workers. Using US microdata, we show that the education bias also holds within industries and in two thirds of 3-digit occupations. To rationalize this finding, we propose a model of private and public employment based on two features....
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The monopoly position of the public bureaucracy in providing public services allows government employees to acquire … extent of rents in the public bureaucracy. The extent of rents is determined by differences in institutional constraints and … correlates with perceptions of corruption. We find judicial independence to be of major relevance for a tamed bureaucracy …
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