While nearly all colleges and universities in the United States use academic probation as a means to signal to students … college may serve as a short term "wake up call" to some students, in that second semester performance is improved. However …, our findings also suggest that this short term boost in performance fades out over time and students who are on academic …

to three times larger among fourth and fifth graders in North Carolina than among kindergarten and first-grade students … both low-income students and English language learners, particularly for reading achievement. Also, in North Carolina …

teacher characteristics on students' science achievement. My identification strategy exploits the feature that in many …. The availability of students' test scores as well as teachers' questionnaires for each of these domains allows me to … of teacher specialization in the specific science domain on students' results, equivalent to 1.7% of a standard deviation …

estimates, while causal, may also reflect peer effects due to differences in peer quality of non-randomized students. We exploit … universal random assignment of students to high schools in certain areas of South Korea to provide estimates of school effects …