Does the internet increase competition? To address this question, I exploit two institutional details unique to Germany: (1) Some municipalities received glass fibre cables that cannot be upgraded to DSL; I use these municipalities as a treatment group with reduced online competition. (2) German...

Promotions are at the same time beloved and feared by both food retailers and branded goods manufacturers in today’s retail environment. Beloved because they attract smart customers and generate an immediate effect on a brand’s sale. Feared because there is uncertainty about the...