This paper examines racial discrepancies in teachers' evaluations of student achievement, conditional on standardized test achievement. After correcting for measurement error in standardized test scores, results indicate teachers evaluate Black students as higher achieving than White students...

Well-documented racial disparities in rates of exclusionary discipline may arise from differences in hard-to-observe student behavior or bias, in which treatment for the same behavior varies by student race or ethnicity. We provide evidence for the presence of bias using statewide administrative...