to single-sex environments they behave the same as the males. Thus, part of the observed gender difference in behaviour … under uncertainty found in previous studies might reflect social learning rather than inherent gender traits. …

Women are often less willing than men to compete, even in tasks where there is no gender gap in performance. Also, many … explain the gender gap in competitiveness. Experiment 1 studies whether stress responses (measured with salivary cortisol and … voluntary competition. We find that while the mandatory competition does increase stress levels, there is no gender difference …