of the higher education and research institutions. State control leaves little room for academic selfrule or self … impossible for university teachers to pursue an individual research agenda. The university system is chronically underfinanced … applied research in the country. In 2013, doctoral graduation moved from a Soviet-style two-tier system including a PhD and a …

applications for the benefit of society. Improving research quality has been proposed as a primary objective of open science by the … development of fundamental collaborative research procedures. …