variables. We find that port charges influence the amount of traffic that a port is able to generate. Furthermore, we find clear …This article examines the determinants of traffic volumes and the revenues per tonne generated by Spain's port … authorities. The interest of the study lies on the strong differences between port authorities in a context of strict regulation …

-based charges distort production decisions and lead to outcomes such as high-grading and premature mine closure. We argue that it is …