Since the millennium, the labor market participation of women and mothers is increasing across European countries … well as their involvement in care work, is relatively unchanging, meaning that employed mothers are facing an increased … fathers and mothers to both work in extended part-time employment. It provides a benefit in form of a lumpsum transfer or …

mothers and fathers and analyzes whether gender gaps in occupational status are more extreme for immigrant populations. Using … between mothers’ and fathers’ probabilities of employment in the highest status jobs is shrinking over time in Germany …, particularly for immigrant mothers, Germany’s gender gaps in professional occupations are consistently larger than gaps in the US. [...] …

supply, but mothers who work do not face a wage penalty. Western EU countries with higher childcare coverage, moderate length … leaves, supportive norms, and flexible jobs have relatively high maternal employment and mothers are not faced with …