We use data from an employee survey conducted in Russia, Armenia and Kazakhstan to investigate how much of the gender … LOC (i.e. more inclined to believe that their success is determined by external forces). Gender differences in LOC are … decomposition indicate that in all three countries, personality is a better explanator of the gender pay gap than are education and …

We analyze the link between the presence of female managers and the size of the firm-level gender pay gap, looking … gender wage inequality is associated with higher shares of female workers, but not female managers. …