Purpose: US policy makers have been looking at various ways to curb rising health care costs in USA, including ways to promote the use of generic drugs in lieu of brand drugs. In this broader context, the implementation of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in December 2013 will...

Many countries with national health care providers and health insurances regulate the market for pharmaceuticals to steer drug demand and to control expenses. For example, they introduce reference pricing or tiered co-payments to enhance drug substitution and competition. Since 2006, Germany...

Fiercely contested before, during, and after its passage, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) is beginning to restructure the U.S. healthcare market. This article describes the history of healthcare reform initiatives in the United States, analyzes the policy context in...

Pharmaceutical spending in many other countries has had a steep increase in the last decade. The Portuguese Government has adopted several measures to reduce pharmaceutical expenditure growth, ranging from increased co-payments to price decreases determined administratively. Promotion of generic...

Die steigende Informationsflut erschwert es dem Marketing zunehmend zum Unternehmenserfolg beizutragen. Das Pharmamarketing unterliegt dabei zusätzlichen Einschränkungen. Indirect Marketing (IM) stellt als Bestandteil des Leistungsschalenmodells eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit zur...

We examine how, why and which consumers infer company mask policies to be politically motivated, impacting their purchase interest. Five studies (N = 3,438) demonstrate that consumers use a company’s mask policy as a proxy for its underlying political ideology but interpret the political...

This paper studies how gifts - monetary or in-kind payments - from drug firms to physicians in the US affect prescriptions and drug costs. We estimate heterogeneous treatment effects by combining physician-level data on antidiabetic prescriptions and payments with causal inference and machine...

Generic competition in the pharmaceutical market is an effective cost-containment mechanism that improves static efficiency and stimulates pharmaceutical innovation. There is no prior study that has empirically analysed the relative delays in adoption of generic competition. This paper aims to...

Access to medicines at prices patients can afford has been a recurrent concern for the global community ever since the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) was adopted in 1995 as one of the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In 2001, WTO Members...