What is the probability of high inflation; how high, when? These questions are important to all investors since even the 2% level to which we are accustomed will cut an investor's portfolio by over 17% during a decade. This 2% level is the target of the Federal Reserve, along with near 0%...

Analyzing inflation as a change in the value of a currency, rather than changes in prices of goods and services, provides perspective on three fundamental sources of inflation.A Money Value Formula produces a significant statistical fit with forward long-term inflation rates using long lags of...

An alternative formula to the Quantity Theory uses monetary aggregates to measure changes in the value of money which explain virtually all variation of future long-term inflation, enabling significantly more accurate inflation forecasts than consensus with important implications for monetary...

Low and unresponsive inflation has been termed a “puzzle.” The paper describes a formula for which these conditions have been a prediction since early 2016.The Money Value Formula analyzes the unit value of a currency solely as a function of long lags of monetary aggregates. The Formula...

The paper examines a wide variety of models forecasting inflation, consumer survey, professional survey, judgmental, market-derived, and monetary model. Despite differences between forecasting approaches, models produced generally similar results. Long-term forecasts were more accurate than...

Two extraordinary inflation surprises of the last generation were the longstanding inflation shortfall from central bank targets and now the pandemic inflationary.Inflation shortfalls can be attributed to characteristics of monetary systems represented by a model with increasing inelasticity,...

Failures are not rare in economic forecasting, probably due to the high incidence of shocks and regime shifts in the economy. Thus, there is a premium on adaptation in the forecast process, in order to avoid sequences of forecast failure. This paper evaluates a sequence of inflation forecasts in...

This paper evaluates inflation forecasts made by Norges Bank which is recognized as a successful forecast targeting central bank. It is reasonable to expect that Norges Bank produces inflation forecasts that are on average better than other forecasts, both "naiv͏̈e" forecasts, and forecasts...

This paper argues that incorporating information about the financial cycle is important to improve measures of potential output and output gaps. Conceptually, identifying potential output with non-inflationary output is too restrictive. Potential output is seen as sustainable; yet experience...

Part of the present inflation is caused by the breakdown of globalization, in particular supply chains, part is caused by the Corona Pandemic, in particular lockdowns, part is caused by the Ukrainian War, part is caused by European sanctions, and part - and not the smallest one - is caused by...